Is your e-bike legal?

Scott e-bike. Photo by Richard Peace
Road and off-road electric bikes are gaining popularity in the UK
The electrically assisted pedal cycles regulations are the laws that let you have a small electric motor on a pedal cycle, and still use it just like a normal bike. E-bike expert Richard Peace explains what they mean for your e-cycle

The Electrically Assisted Pedal Cycles – EAPC – (Amendment) Regulations 2015 harmonised previous UK law (1983 Statutory Instrument No.1168), to bring it in line with EU law (regulation 168/2013). The regulations replaced previous e-cycle law on 6 April 2015.

EAPCs – electric bikes or e-bikes in common parlance – must now meet the following criteria in order to have the same legal standing as regular non-assisted bicycles and to be allowed on roads, cycle paths and other places where bicycles are allowed under UK law:

  • Electric assistance can only be provided to a maximum of 25kph (15.5mph)
  • The motor used must be of no more than 250 Watts (maximum continuous rated power)
  • The e-bike’s pedals must be in motion for motor assistance to be provided
  • The rider must be 14 years of age or over

There are a number of different ‘e-bike-like’ machine types out there which, at first glance (or even after a detailed inspection), may be difficult to distinguish from legal e-bikes. This is an important distinction as the latter can be used without any red tape, in just the same way as regular non-assisted bicycle, while the former cannot.

These other categories are fully regulated motor vehicles under EU and UK law, so using them on public highways in the UK is a much more complex affair and inevitably involves attempting to obtain paperwork and possibly meet other requirements such as insurance and dealing with the DVLA. In short, they are likely to be legally classed as a moped or even motorbike.

Manufacturing standards are also more complex so the manufacturer generally has to go through the procedure known as type approval, which involves passing safety standards before the vehicle can be put on the market.

A brief outline of the two main ‘e-bike-like’ categories you may come across:

  1. E-bikes controlled by a throttle where there is no need for the pedals to be turning to engage the motor – so-called ‘twist-and-go’ machines. New models of these kind are now classified under EU law under the L1e-A ‘powered cycles’ category that allows power up to 1,000w, with power assistance cutting out at 25kph.
    Twist-and-gos are potentially very helpful for those with any kind of condition that severely limits pedalling action, but the procedure and exact requirements for registering them remain unclear.
    Note: twist-and-go e-bikes bought before the introduction of the new laws and limited to a 250W motor rating remain effectively legal and so can be legally purchased and used as secondhand models.
     
  2. Machines that exceed the 25kph assistance limit are generally known as speed-pedelecs or s-pedelecs. Again, there is an EU regulatory class for such vehicles with assistance limited to 45kph (L1e-B – two wheel mopeds).
    Some UK e-bike retailers say they now have a process in place for registering such machines for legal on-road use as mopeds. Mopeds in the legal sense that is; as pedalling is still required to enable motor assistance these are in reality superfast e-bikes of the pedelec variety.
    The user will also need insurance, legally certified helmet, and a qualifying driver’s licence (and potentially down the line an MOT it seems). The cycle would also be required to be registered for vehicle excise duty, although this would be reduced to £0 due to it being an electric vehicle.

You should also be aware that the Department of Transport says that electric bikes limited to 25kph but fitted with off-road switches or modes that, when triggered, enable a bike’s motor to continue assisting to speeds beyond 25kph, do not comply with UK e-bike law.

Construction and Use

Aside from specific e-cycle law, there is also a body of UK law that defines the legal safety criteria for bicycles (including e-bikes) to be used on UK roads, known as Construction and Use regulations – in other words they deal with ‘roadworthiness’. As far as e-bikes go the main relevant criteria under these regulations are:

  • The vehicle must be fitted with a plate where you can easily read it (in practice often more of a sticker discretely placed on the frame so that you may have to search a little to find it) showing the manufacturer’s name and motor power output
  • The power switch or control must default to off, requiring a constant intervention from the rider in order to maintain power assistance. No power without pedalling, which must be a feature of any post-2015 legal e-bike, satisfies this requirement in any case

Note that these definitions do not include cycles with more than three wheels, so you cannot electrically assist a quadricycle without it becoming some kind of motor vehicle.

In practice most new e-bikes in the UK are built for the European market and so comply with European standard EN15194 which means they fulfil the law’s Construction and Use requirements. You should also look for the CE mark on a new e-bike which tells you that the bike has passed the relevant directive’s standards. 

An example of a conformity plate on an e-bike
The legally required label showing manufacturer’s name and power output

The legal position in Northern Ireland

The legal position is the same in Northern Ireland as the rest of the UK. In May, the Northern Ireland Assembly passed the Electrically Assisted Pedal Cycles (Construction and Use) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2020 which updated an outdated law. While the Assembly had not been sitting an opportunity to bring the law into line with other nations had been missed.

E-bike offences to be aware of in the UK

Although current regulations ensure users of compliant e-bikes in the UK are exempt from requirements like licencing, MOTs and helmet use, as mechanically propelled vehicles, riding an e-bike can open you up to a number of road traffic offences which do not apply to traditional cycling.

For example, speed limits apply to e-bikes, as do offences relating to failing to stop at the scene of an accident (‘hit-and-run’), and offences relating to mobile phone use while ‘driving’, drink/drug ‘driving’. E-cycle riders can also be convicted of offences for ‘careless’ and dangerous’ driving, along with their ‘causing death by…’ and ‘causing serious injury by…’ variants.

The confusion and lack of consistency in this area of law is a further reason why Cycling UK believes the wider road traffic offences framework needs urgent review, so as to maximise the safety of all road users, without unnecessarily deterring safe cycling.